CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Despite Nigeria’s progress on democratic, economic and political reforms, Nigeria’s prisons are yet to make appreciable impact on the welfare of the inmates. A recurring debate within contemporary academic circles, criminologists, health workers and prison experts, is to ensure an appropriate health template for proper prison administration that will reflect its objectives. Even though crime and other vices need to be deterred, it should be to the extent that inmates health should be adequately taken care of during and after imprisonment; it is therefore needful to be logical and rational in terms of health delivery while in custody.

Seven years into the new millennium, health for all prison inmates in Nigeria and many African nations has remained mirage. Recent assessment of African Prison Health systems indicates a gloomy picture of weakness in performance (African Regional Health Report, 2006). The inability to provide quality and equitable access to prison health care services through much reliance on western health care framework have further widening the existing health inequalities in many African countries and the Nigerian prisons in particular. This scenario has also the poor and the rich, urban and rural dwellers, inmates and the “free” at different axis of the production spectrum of health care delivery in Nigeria. A good example of this unfavourable equation becomes obvious when the health of special groups like the prisoners is critically examined (Health in African Prisons, 1999). Evidence has linked major determinants of health in modern populations to socioeconomic, political and cultural factors and as such inequalities in health have remained problematic across cultures, socio-economic class, gender or ethnicity (Bambra et al., 2005). In the social sequence of events, prison inmates are most times from the poorest sectors of the society, and suffer more from inequitable access to effective health care services. This experience also exacerbates existing health problems of inmates (de viggiani, 2007). Hence, the current drive towards realizing the health related millennium development goals requires more forceful drive from the Nigerian government. Health is political and the power exercised over it is part of the wider economic, social and political system (Bambra1, et al., 2005). Thus, achieving both qualitative and quantitative health among special groups like prison inmates may be far from realization going by the slow attitude of prison officials and the government in particular in addressing the health needs of prisoners. Hence, this paper attempts a sociological discourse of prison health within the social context producing it. This was done by discussing prison health in Nigeria as a social product. The paper further suggest plausible model on which optimum prison health in Nigeria could be realized.

STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM

The unsavory nature of Nigeria prisons health care system leaves one in doubt, with too many questions and fewer answers; being that majority of persons become susceptible to diseases and infections than when they never went behind bars and commit more heineous crimes. Officers and men of Nigeria prisons epitomize have not taken the health of prison inmates seriously which many are certainly not satisfied with their conditions of service delivery health wise. Interestingly, prison still remains indispensable in correcting, reforming and rehabilitating “perceived convicts” in Nigeria. It is worrisome that recommendations and suggestions made to government for prison health reforms are yet to be implemented.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objectives of the study are to examine health care delivery system for inmates of the Nigeria prison. Other specific objectives of the study include;

1. To examine the health condition of prison inmates.
2. To assess the environmental condition of Nigeria prisons.
3. To assess the benefit to effective health care delivery in Nigeria prisons.
4. To examine the Nigerian prison reforms.
5. To examine the challenges to achieving an effective health care delivery system for prison inmates.
6. To recommend ways of improving health care delivery in Nigeria prisons.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the health conditions of prison inmates in Nigeria?
2. What are the environmental conditions of Nigeria prisons?
3. What is the benefit to effective health care delivery in Nigeria prisons?
4. What are the Nigerian prison reforms that would improve health care delivery?
5. What are the challenges to achieving an effective health care delivery system for prison inmates?
6. What are the ways of improving health care delivery in Nigeria prisons?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: There are no challenges to effective health care system in Nigerian prisons.

H1: There are challenges to effective health care system in Nigerian prisons.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study would greatly benefit the Nigerian prison service and the federal government as it would reveal the benefits of effective health care system and the challenges of achieving effective health care system in Nigerian prisons across the country. the study would also be of immense importance to students, researchers and scholars who are interested in developing a further study on the subject matter.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is restricted to health care system delivery system to prison inmates in Nigerian prison using the Nigerian prison service Ado ekiti, Ekiti state as a case study.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview)

Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.