CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

        Television is a sight and sound medium through which messages and information ideas are communicated to a wide range of audience.

        Television viewing is a common activity engaged in by children, especially in this era of proliferation of television as a medium for communication.

        To this end, television messages are broadcast for certain purposes, this implies that television through it’s programmers’ has certain influence on individuals as including children.

        This chapter presents an overview of television and a brief history of television. It also encapsulates the statement of problem of this research work, the objective of this study, significance and the scope of study, research question as well as operational definition of certain terms.

Television has made tremendous impact on Nigeria society and in the world at large. It possesses immense power to influence the viewer and sharpen his sensitivity in all spheres of life. Various theories have been propounded by different scholars, some of which support the fact that the media possess immense power in influencing the viewer, while others have consistently countered the notion.

        Television as one of the world’s most amazing inventions has come to stay and has over the years been a veritable channel for communication in the world.

        The effects of television on adults can be significant but its influence in children goes much deeper. The increasing rate of immoralities in the society today among youths can be easily attributed to inventions of technologies like television, internet, films and motion pictures by an average Nigerian.

        This study therefore is an examines the influence television viewing exacts on Nigerian children. Gaius Benton schools; cut across all sections of children from nursery, primary to secondary school.

        It x-rays how the moral behaviour of children can be affected by television viewing which can be positive or negative.

        Television is viewed in almost every home by people of all ages, the senile, parents, youths, children even infants.

        The intensity of viewing by children and the extended periods of time over which they view television raises concern for their moral development.

        The world today is said to be a global village thus issues, events and experiences going on in one part of the world can be seen instantly by people in other parts. People have more information about what is going on in world’s events than any other generation in human history.

        Television over the years has played a pivotal role in the lives of individuals particularly children. The rapid growth of television after the World War II brought entertainment and information into the homes of many.

        Large space communication was achieved in 1962 when a space probe radioed data, was moved back to the earth as it speed past the planet venues. The satellite made possible the broadcast over television between Europe and the United States of America and today, the rest of the world.

        Cable television arrived in the 1970’s to most areas of the United States and now, to other parts of the world”. Akpan (2002, p.19) the use of television was expanded by the use of home videos and dick system.

        Television uses a person-to-person communication gestures, facial expression to effect communication to it’s audience.

        Television as a broadcast medium has its main functions of information, education and entertainment on a wide range of subjects. An average child has access to but a small part of such information but it’s influence cannot be over emphasized for a look they say is worth more than a thousand words.

        Television programmes may contain historical, scientific social, religious, economic and other matters. Those programmes when viewed especially by children broaden their cosmological perspectives thereby giving them better insight into happenings around him.

        Television has served as a viable tool for instruction on religions matters. It has also served in experimental purposes. When properly used, quality television introduces children to a world beyond their classroom and motivate them to learn. Because children relate easily to television as a medium they are familiar with, they are more apt to absorb the material they learn from it.

        The amount of television programmes watched by children has caused considerable concern for parents and educators alike. It is thought that children remain glued to the television set for long periods of time, viewing unsuitable programmes which a=mat adversely affect not only their cognitive but emotional development. No doubt, children are susceptible to the images which they see on the television. This therefore stress the fact that immoral programmes can to a large extent affect the morality of children all over the country and the would at large.

        Communication through the television can be referred to as purposive because the information disseminated are meant to affect the audience positively or negatively. That is, it has a variety of consequences which may be direct or indirect.

        Such effects or consequences include such factors as emotional response, attitudinal shift or changes in a child’s view of the world after exposure to certain kinds of media.

        Children have the capacity to give themselves over completely to the world created by pictorial media (television). Such intense involvement often leads to storing emotional response and to a large extent affect the moral behaviour of children.

1.2  Statement of Problem

        Many people think that television viewing does not have lasting positive or negative effect on children. Studies have shown through analysis of the effects of television programmes over the years that the effects of television viewing on children is great.

        This study seeks to find out the degree or extent to which the children of Gaius Benton schools have been affected by television viewing and to establish if there are programmes on television that can enhance or mar the moral behavior of the children match. 

 There have been cases where children fold papers and light them up with attempts to practice cigarette smoking, having watched the action on the screen of television.

        The kinds of clothing children see on television seems to shape their demands on parents who purchase clothes for their children, especially at festive periods. All these acts and more are caused as a result of visuals on the screen of television.

1.3  Objectives of Study

        The major objective of this study is to determine the impact of television viewing on the moral behaviour of Nigerian children.

-              To examine the benefits derived by children from television viewing.

-              To determine the negative as well as the positive affects of television on the lives of Nigerian children.

-              To determine how the effects affect other members of the family and the Nigerian society at large.

-              To encourage television stations to promote generally acceptable social values and norms, foster the spirit of self discipline and generally accepted moral standards through the programmes watched by children.

1.4  Significance of Study

        This study is immensely important especially to Nigerian parents because it will help to inform them on the effects of television on the moral behaviour of their children as it will help them determine what programmes to expose their children to.

        This study will serve as a means of future research for media researchers, scholars and students.

        It will also help media ie television stations know the right type of programmes to air for children consumption so as to build morals and not kill morals in children.

1.5  Research Questions    

The researcher of this work has prepared certain questions to help in the course of his study.

i.            Do children derive benefit from television viewing?

ii.          Does it have positive or negative effect on the moral life of the children?

iii.        How does this affect other members of the family and the society at large?

iv.         Can television programmes maintain standards that can ensure acceptable moral behaviour of children?

1.6  Scope of the Study

        This study covers the effect of television viewing on the moral behaviour of Nigerian children. Gains Benton Schools as a representation of children of all ages serves as the case study of this research work.

        Although, the main function of television as a sight and sound medium is to inform, entertain and educate its audience. This study will reveal the extent it does these with respect to the effects of viewing habit of children of Gains Benton Schools where the work is countered.

        This research work is based on a sample of children between the ages of two (2) to eighteen (18) years of age (Nursery to secondary school age).

1.7  Limitation of Study

        The greatest limitation to this study is time factor. There is limited time for the researcher to explore the topic.

        Secondly, some of the children are too small and can neither read no write or even respond to questions through interview. Also, some of the respondents, students/pupils are too naive as they feel that the questions will be used against them.

        Finally, financial constraint is another set back encountered by the researcher.

1.8  Operational Definition of Terms

        The contextual definition of certain terms are considered important on this study by the research.

Television:     Television is an electronic device that utilizes motion pictures, sound and light in disseminating information to a wide and diversified audience to create an effect.   

                        Television is the medium that possess credibility audio visual qualities and can be utilized in virtually development communication (Nwosu, 2005, p.164).

Moral:             The word moral comes from a Latin word “Moralis” which means custom or manner (Okunna, 2003, p.1).

                        Morals are principles and beliefs concerning right and wrong behaviour.

Effect:             This means a cause, a result or an outcome. It is a change produced by an action.

Behaviour:      This means the way a child acts or function.

Children:        This is the plural of the noun child. A child is a young person (a boy or a girl) within pre primary, primary and post primary school age, (2 – 18 yrs).