CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

This Chapter deals with the following: Background of the study, Statement of the problem, Objective of the study, Significance of the study, Research Question and Scope of the study.

1.1 Background of the Study

Nigeria grew from the colonial era in the hand of the British and in the year 1960 she gained her independence in 1960, she had enough agricultural produce which she enjoyed into the seventies (Petroleum) on getting into the 1980’s over economy started deteriorating. There came tremendous fail of our economy, the purchasing power of the naira felt below expectation. Now depend on the outside world for our day today living importation became the order of the day, we no more export any meaningful things from Nigeria. In the process of revamping the crawling economy, government came up with a programme known Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in 1986. This system talks oneself reliance and works through financial market deregulation and reaction to the of the free market process. This is involves SFEM means privatization of government companies. SFEM means second tier foreign exchange market which is now known as Inter-bank foreign Exchange Market (IFEM) service oriented organization were competing since the introduction of this programme and it is only the survive the critical situation. SAP has an adverse effect on the growing economy which gave way to unemployment, fail in standard of living and low capacity utilization. This programme was favourable to some organization and also liquidation some firms. Production cost became high and there is a decline in sales. Consumers wireless paid and their income cannot purchase anything for them. This economy condition can be maneuvered by resorting to product management of their resources with emphasis on costing which is essential and very important for profitability, high productively and efficiency of any organization costing process is merely to known the total cost of goods and services also analysis of composition of the cost which ensure effective control above the element of cost for practice. This shows that good use of costing techniques by the services through such economical programmes like SFEM, SAP etc. The services oriented organization will help them survive through such economical programmes like SFEM, SAP etc. The services oriented organization are the foundations of that costing is an system of costing accumulation or ascertainment with the aim of knowing the cost of goods and services, while costing techniques are the way of generating a variety of information from costing data for management decision making. There are different types of costing techniques standard costing, marginal costing, absorption costing, uniform costing and cash flow analysis. The management determine their use by calling for such information. Looking at all these, the write strongly believe that the costing techniques mentioned can lead on firm through the harsh economic situation.