1.0 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

"Runs" is the process of exchanging "sought-after" emotional demands as collateral for Aristo's social capital. Run girls are a distinct social group that interacts with aristocracy in business dealings. Despite its complexity, this relationship is synergistic and contextually transactional. It may end abruptly or turn into a social connection if neither partner believes that the relationship must last past the first date (payment after having sex). Due to modernity and the struggle for survival, university women have evolved a number of coping strategies. We investigate the widespread aristocracy in Nigerian universities. Wealthy men known as "aristos" are able to provide for "runs-girls," whether they are married or not.

Additionally, Transactional sex is a common practice among female students in Nigerian higher education institutions. Often, they don't have the power to determine the terms of the agreement with the males involved (Kjellgren, Priebe, Svedin & Langstrom, 2016). A growing body of research is tackling the issue of transactional sex, which disproportionately impacts women (Mume, 2017). Despite the fact that sexual decisions are based on the values of autonomy and should be honoured (Dienye, 2016; Lam, 2018), Concerns exist around a few preventable factors that contribute to Transactional Sex as well as the potentially fatal physiological and psychological effects (Badejo, 2012; Mume, 2017). The extraction of financial gains, social capital, and material support from non-marital, non-commercial contexts forms the basis of transactional sexual relationships (Stoebenau et al, 2016). In addition to the primate element of economic demands, studies point to a few other factors that influence transactional sexual behaviour, such as the desire to improve one's social status and the influence of peers to achieve high academic standing, satisfy some luxurious desires, and offer total gratification for sex. Previous research also shows that Nigerians have a traditional perspective on non-marital and transactional relationships (Alobo & Ndifon, 2014). For example, security personnel in Nigeria conduct raids on locations where prostitution is common and even apprehend prostitution workers (Ndah & Joseph, 2020). Religious organizations in Nigeria frequently disapprove of unlawful sexual activities, including transactional sex.

According to ancient religious customs, sexual connections are highly revered in Nigeria and are only allowed during marriage (Amo-Adje et al, 2014). Therefore, there may be a social stigma attached to having sex outside of marriage. For this reason, people who engage in transactional sex in places like Nigeria might not feel completely free to admit to doing so (Alobo & Ndifon, 2014). The detrimental impacts of transactional sex are the subject of numerous studies. First, the vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unwanted pregnancy and the ensuing psychological suffering of women, who are often weaker partners in transactional sex partnerships (WHO, 2012); second, the tendency to have multiple sexual partners for several transactions (Scott, 2016; Shefer et al, 2012); third, the potential for more harmful outcomes from transactional sex to develop into sex work (Scott, 2016); fourth, the possibility of various types of domestic abuse against women, as well as the dangers of unintended births, which could widen the gender divide already present in Nigeria to name only a handful. Due to the various Transactional sex  side effects that have been previously discussed, we have discovered that social workers play a crucial role in assisting female students in tertiary institutions in avoiding these side effects and engaging in theses acts (Nnama-Okechukwu, Agwu & Okoye, 2020).

It covers policy and programmatic advocacy, education, treatment, and the promotion of gender equity and health-conscious conduct to enhance women's protection and well-being. Particularly when an allegedly weaker group is involved, anti-oppressive social work appears to be a perfect fit for treating Transactional Sex difficultie  (Okoli, Agwu & Okoye, 2017). Lastly, we appreciate the numerous research on transactional sex conducted throughout most of Africa, including a small number from Nigeria. However, except from a few media editorials, we found that there are little empirical studies on the causes and effects of transactional sex among female students in Nigerian colleges (Mume, 2017). In order to close this gap, the study centers on Investigate the Causes Of transactional Sex-Work among Females in University of Jos.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The vast majority of research conducted in Nigeria shows that young people, particularly young women, have transactional sex with older men in order to meet their basic needs or to make ends meet. Older males prefer younger women because of the false belief that they are less likely to get HIV and other STIs. They therefore think it is safer to have sex without using condoms when doing so.. Other studies have demonstrated that, in addition to age, power disparities, and money difference in transactional sexual relationships, the expected economic benefit also undermines young people's capacity and strength to bargain for safe sex. Consequently, they are at risk of acquiring HIV, STIs, and unwanted pregnancies. Young women frequently experience sexual violence as a result of their transactional relationships with older men. This assault could be physical or sexual.. Threats are also used against the young women if they break the agreement. Globally, university campuses are perceived as sites for sexual experimentation. Understanding the impacts and causes of transactional sex work among females at the University of Jos is crucial given the worries regarding women's HIV status.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study was to investigate The Effects And Causes Of Transactional Sex-Work Among Females In University of Jos . other specific objectives of the study were :

1 To examine the effect of transactional sex on the sexual behavior of female students in University of Jos

2 To outline the  risk factors of transactional sex among female students in University of Jos

3 To examine the causes and motivational factors encouraging transactional sex among female students in University of Jos

4 To recommend ways of  curbing transactional sex among female students in University of Jos

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1 What is the effect of transactional sex on the sexual behavior of female students in University of Jos?

2  What are  the  risk factors of transactional sex among female students in University of Jos?

3 What are the causes and motivational factors encouraging transactional sex among female students in University of Jos?

4 What are the ways of curbing transactional sex among female students in University of Jos?

1.5 HYPOTHESIS

HO1: There is no significant effect of transactional sex on the sexual behavior of female students in University of Jos

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The Study Is Delimited To Investigate The Effects And Causes Of Transactional Sex-Work Among Females In University of Jos

1.7 Significance of the Study

This research was expected to inform the University, reproductive health services and other concerned health stakeholders about transactional sex and factors contributing to transactional sexual relationships among University students in University of Jos. The recommendations put forward may assist the University and relevant stakeholders in designing relevant services to support students in order to mitigate or alleviate transactional sexual engagement activities, and in turn curb the spread of STIs and HIV. The findings of the study might also improve specific education that is in place, to limit HIV transmission and risky sexual behaviour among youth. In addition to information, education and communication on HIV transmission, effective reproductive health services and HIV prevention strategies could be proposed in order to change the risk behaviours of youth.

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work

1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are define operationally as it was used in the study

Transactional sex- Transactional sex involves the exchange of sex for money, gifts, services or other favors. Transactional sex, also known as “sugar daddy” relationships  in sub-Saharan Africa, refers to sexual relationships between older (usually richer male) partners and younger (usually socially and/or economically lower status female) partners, including adolescents. In this study transactional sex means having heterosexual intercourse in exchange for money and/or material goods.

FEMALE: of or denoting the sex that can bear offspring or produce eggs, distinguished biologically by the production of gametes (ova) that can be fertilized by male gametes

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: refers to people's sexual interest in and attraction to others; it is the capacity to have erotic or sexual feelings and experiences