TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -              

Table of Contents               -               -               -               -               -               -               -              

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1          Background to the Study   -               -               -               -               -              

1.2          Statement of  Problem       -               -               -               -              

1.3          Objective of the Study       -               -               -               -               -               -              

1.4          Research Questions             -               -               -               -               -               -              

1.5    Hypothesis   -      -      -      -      -      -      -        -        -              

2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1          Literature review  -               -               -               -               -               -               -

3.0 METHODOLOGY

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0          Introduction         -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -

4.1          Data Analysis       -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -

4.2          Testing Hypotheses             -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -

4.3          Discussion of Findings        -               -               -               -               -               -               -

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1          Conclusion            -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -

5.2          Recommendations              -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -

                References -          -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -

Appendix              -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -               -

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Diabetes mellitus can be referred to as a metabolic disorder which entails an increase in blood glucose levels due to changes in carbohydrate, protein, and fats metabolism. The types of this disease include Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, and Gestational Diabetes (Dilworth et al, 2021)

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading cause of morbidity globally. Classic clinical manifestations of DM include polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Various additional non-specific symptoms can also present, such as fatigue, visual impairment, and vulval irritation due to Candida infections (Feather et al, 2021). An estimated 50% of cases do not experience any symptoms at all (Feather et al. 2021). Type 1 diabetes arises suddenly after a preclinical period, whereas type 2 occurs slowly and is often asymptomatic for several years (Goldman et.al, 2020).

Diabetes complications are mainly due to vascular damage at both macrovascular and microvascular levels (Sarwar et al., 2020). The risk of heart disease is twice in individuals with diabetes, with an estimated 75% mortality rate among diabetics attributed to coronary artery disease (O’Gara et al., 2015).

According to Elflein, the number of cases in 2017 is 425 million globally (Elflein, 2019), compared to 382 million in 2015 (Shi, 2014) and 108 million in 1980 (WHO,2018) with consideration for the changing demography of the world, diabetes affects 8.8 percent of adults today and nearly doubled its prevalence rate from 4.7 percent in 1980. WHO projects the mortality rate attributable to diabetes in 2012 to be 1.5 million, ranking it 8th among leading causes of death (WHO, 2018). The current global estimate shows that diabetes has affected 415 million people and will rise to 642 million in 2040 (IDF,2017).

Diabetes is a global disease but more prevalent in more industrialized nations. However, the highest incidence increases have been reported in developing nations, where over 80% of diabetes-related deaths occur (Mathers et al 2016). The highest rise in prevalence is predicted in Asia and Africa, where most patients with diabetes will likely reside in 2030 (Wild et al., 2014). The incidence of diabetes has risen in developing nations in parallel with trends in urbanization and lifestyle changes, including increasingly sedentary activities, decreased occupational physical activity, and dietary transitions towards higher energy-dense diets deficient in nutrients (high in sugars and saturated fats) known as Western-style diets.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Both diabetes and other related health risks are common among the inhabitants in AMAC, the federal capital territory. There are two main types of diabetes mellitus that can be found amongst the residents here, which are types 1 and types 2, comprising only 5% to 10% of all diabetes cases. This shows that type 1 diabetes is not as common as type 2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an auto-immune disease, wherein the beta cells that produce insulin in your pancreas are destroyed by the immune system...

Type 2 diabetes is referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. In relation to the ability of using insulin, there exist distinctions between type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is 95-95 percent of the total number of diabetic patients. Typically, the condition is likely to occur at a later stage in life.... Type 2 diabetes is an illness that might bring about complications such as kidney or heart diseases, limb removal, or blindness. For one to take precautions in advance, people residing in Abuja must have adequate knowledge about the risk factors and the prevalence of diabetes, which forms the basis of this study. Considering all this, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of diabetes in residents of Abuja municipal area council, federal capital territory.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In other words, through the research, I intend to establish the prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors among the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC). This particular research bears some serious implications in various fields such as the following:

Public Health Implication: Diabetes is a serious disease all around the world. Nigeria has one of the highest rates of diabetes among all African nations. A research concerning the prevalence and risks in a particular locality will help understand its implications in a more localized perspective. It would definitely benefit your study of the disease.

Local Relevance: Through the localization of my research, it is bound to become extremely important in relation to the locals of that particular area. My research findings will serve as a source from which localized healthcare measures could be planned for the benefit of locals.

Management of the Disease: With the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes known to us, we may very well gain insight into how diabetes is being handled in this locality.

The main aim of the study is to examine the prevalence of diabetes and associated riskfactors amongst the residents of Abuja municipal area council, federal capital territory. Other specific objectives of the study include;

1. To determine the prevalence rate of diabetes among the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).

2. To determine the age related prevalence of diabetes among the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council in the Federal Capital Territory.

3. To determine the gender related prevalence among the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council in the Federal Capital Territory.

4. To examine the impact of socio economic status of the residents on the prevalence of Diabetes among the study population.

5. To outline the risk factors of diabetes among residents of Abuja

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

·Top of Form

1. Find out the prevalence of diabetes cases in the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council, FCT.

2. Find out the prevalence rate for diabetes based on age in the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council, FCT.

3. Find out the prevalence rate for diabetes based on gender in the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council, FCT.

4. Find out how socio-economic status affects the prevalence of diabetes in the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council, FCT.

5. Find out the risk factors that contribute to the development of diabetes in the residents of Abuja.

1.6 HYPOTHESES:

Hypothesis One: The prevalence of diabetes is high among the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council, Federal Capital Territory (FCT).

Hypothesis Two: There is no significant effect of age on the prevalence of diabetes among the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council, FCT.

Hypothesis Three: There is no significant effect of gender on the prevalence of diabetes among the residents of Abuja Municipal Area Council, FCT.

Hypothesis Four: There is no significant effect of socio-economic status of the residents on the prevalence of diabetes among the residents.

Hypothesis Five: There is no significant effect of the risk factors for diabetes among the residents of Abuja

1.7 LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY:

Limitations:

Accessibility: The study is reliant on the cooperation and willingness of the participants to provide accurate and honest information about their health conditions and risk factors. This may introduce potential bias and limit the reliability of the data collected.

Delimitations:

Geographic Focus: The study focuses solely on Abuja Municipal Area Council, FCT. The findings may not be applicable to other local government areas within the FCT or other regions in Nigeria.

Population: The study will be limited to individuals residing within Abuja Municipal Area Council, within a specific age range, with a focus on both genders. Findings may not capture the full demographic diversity of the FCT or Nigeria.

Risk Factors: The study will consider the most common risk factors associated with diabetes, such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and certain socio-economic factors.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

DIABETES: It is a chronic disease which results either due to insufficient insulin production from the pancreas, or the inability of the body to use insulin effectively.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS: Socioeconomic status refers to the combined measure of economics and sociology. The measure considers a person’s occupational experience and the ability of individuals or families to utilize resources economically and socially as compared to other people.

GENDER RELATED: The set of economic, social, and political rights, duties, privileges, obligations, and powers associated with being a female and male as per the cultural definitions of gender.

PREVALENCE: Prevalence refers to the frequency of a particular health problem within a defined population at a particular period of time.