CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDYIn recent times, Nigeria has witnessed an unprecedented plaque of crisis and insecurity, each leading to loss of lives and destruction of properties. According to Ezeoha (2011:38) in Causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria, ÒSecurity means stability and continually of livelihood, predictability of relationships, feeling safe and belonging to a social group. Internal security, or IS, which is related to security can be seen as the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing territories. This is done generally by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats. Those responsible for internal security may range from police to paramilitary forces, and in exceptional circumstances, the military itself.Insecurity on the other hand, is the antithesis of security which is the concept of insecurity. It has been ascribed different interpretations in association with the various ways which it affects individuals. Some of the common descriptors of insecurity include: want of safety; danger; hazard; uncertainty; want of confidence; doubtful; inadequately guarded or protected; lacking stability; troubled; lack of protection; and unsafe, to mention a few. All of these have been used by different people to define the concept of insecurity. These different descriptors, however, run into a common reference to a state of vulnerability to harm and loss of life, property or livelihood. Beland (2005) defined insecurity as Òthe state of fear or anxiety stemming from a concrete or alleged lack of protection.Ó It refers to lack or inadequate freedom from danger.In the same token, Oshodi (2011) argues that one sure way of tackling the insecurity situation in Nigeria is to accord the field of psychology a pride of place in policy formulation and implementation to promote national cohesion and integration.However it can be clearly stated that Nigeria has remained more insecure especially during and after the April 2011 presidential elections and has suffered more than ever in history, a battery of ethno-religious-political crises, taking the shape of bomb blasts sponsored by the Boko Haram religious sect.The unparalleled spate of terrorism, kidnappings and other violent crimes is to say the least, alarming. Religious leaders, churches, mosques etc are not spared in this onslaught. There is no gainsaying the fact that Nigeria is at a cross-road and gradually drifting towards a failed state if this insecurity trend continues.According to Bavier, a writer who is a frequent visitor to the northern region, told CNN that theFederal government has completely lost control of the north-east, despite deploying thousands of troops and establishing a Joint Task Force. Now, he says, it looks like this insurgency has broken out of the north-eastÓ. And whatÕs worrying, he says, is that thereÕs Ònot a whole lot of visible effort from the federal government to calm things down (Lister, 2012:14).From the aforementioned one can posit that Nigeria has witnessed an unprecedented level of insecurity. Inter and intra- communal and ethnic clashes, ethno religious violence, armed robbery, assassination, murder, gender-based violence, and bomb explosion have been on the increase leading to enormous loss of life and property and a general atmosphere of siege and social tension for the populace (Ibrahim and Igbuzor, 2002:2). Furthermore between 2009 to date over 3,000 souls both military and civilians have been lost in the purported ÒholyÓ crusade; this have further paralyzed government plans in mapping out an efficient strategy in combating insecurity. Despite soaring security budget, insecurity still pervades the country.Consequently, Insecurity has taken various forms in different parts of the country. In the South-West, armed robbers have taken over, while in the North, cross-border bandits operate with the ease. However in the South-South there are rampant cases of kidnapping. Also the incessant wave of crime and armed robbery attacks, all point to the fact that insecurity is fast becoming a norm in Nigeria and have somewhat suddenly become attractive to certain individuals in seeking to resolve issues that could have ordinarily been settled through due process. The end-products lead to the decimation of innocent lives, disruption of economic activities, and destruction of properties among others.Just last year and early this year, the Emir of Kano-Alhaji Ado Bayero narrowly escaped death by the whiskers. His driver and two others were not lucky as they were hacked to death by the assailants. Somewhere in Okene, Kogi State, gunmen said to be sympathetic to the Cause of Islamic rebels in Mali were said to have ambushed and opened fire and killed two soldiers on their way to been deployed to Mali. A faceless new group known as ÔVanguard for the Protection of Moslems in Black AfricaÓ has claimed responsibility for this attack. Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-IwelaÕs mother-Prof. Mrs. Kaneme Okonjo was also kidnapped a while ago. It took a demonstration of federal might-deployment of troops for her abductors to free her. Also of recent the mother of Bayelsa State House of Assembly was also kidnapped. These are prominent cases; so many other incidents go unreported probably because the victims lack a voice.In an interview with Guardian Newspaper in united kingdom, marking late Prof. Chinua AchebeÕs 80th Birthday, he was quoted as saying, ÒNigeria is on the brink of a precipiceÓ and that Òwe urgently have to face up to our responsibilities before it is too lateÓ.Accordingly, Ogebe (1991) observed that the current problems facing Nigeria is not the only rising incidence in crimes, but also the gradual shift in the categories of crimes committed from less serious to a more serious and heinous crimes of violence. This poses a great challenge to the police as well as raises questions of the police accountability and effectiveness.The Nigerian police have been highly criticized for its inability to stem the rising tide of crimes in Nigeria because of series of endemic problems in recruitment, training and discipline and lack expertise in specialized fields. Corruption and dishonesty is also widespread in the police force thereby engendering a low level of public confidence by the public, leading to failure to report crimes, and tendencies to resort to self-help by the public. Ash (1971) observed that perhaps the police performance has been entirely dissatisfactory because there is confusion concerning what police men actually do on the job and what they reasonably can be expected to do to achieve a more effective police force. The range of services that police provide are vast and crime prevention account for only 20 to 30 percent of police work. In many cities today police work often seem to consist mainly of reaction to emergencies. It sometimes appears that the original emphasis on crime prevention has been lost (Awake, 2000). This has greatly accounted for the alarming rate of crimes in the country.Corroborating the aforementioned, a total of sixteen (16) policemen were arrested of recent in Gusau, the Zamfara State capital by the Inspector General of Police Anti-robbery Squad for allegedly releasing Police weapons and ammunition to armed robbers terrorising people of the state. The affected police officers are from various ranks, especially Inspectors and Sergeants attached to Zamfara State Police Command. In the same vein, the squad arrested a retired military officer based in Gusau who specialized in selling ammunition and other sophisticated weapons meant for the security personnel in the state to armed robbers and people of Plateau and Kaduna States.Subsequently, Aside from the bad eggs in the Nigerian police force, the poor welfare of the police, military and paramilitary personnel, with lack of adequate working tools, inadequate personnel is another factor that promotes insecurity in Nigeria. Olonisakin (2008:20) captures this when he posited that the police- population ratio in Nigeria is 1:450. At a minimum, citizens ought to have easy access to the police and feel safer as a result of the protection they offer. Yet Nigeria has failed to meet the standard set by the United Nations for effective policing.Today the incidence of police brutality, corruption, violence murder and abuse of power has punctuated almost every aspect of the society. Armed robbery in Nigeria operate almost freely in the society, using deadly weapons without being challenged and detected by the police and where the police are dully informed, they give flimsy excuse that they do not have weapons to fight armed robbers. Even the ordinary man on the street who is expected to be supportive of the police often have serious misgiving when confronted with the massive mutual aids granted to the criminals by the police force. Apart from the aforementioned, Incidence of shooting of innocent people in retaliation to policing policies has also constituted a serious problem that has impeded police efforts in crime prevention in Nigeria.Research have shown that most of police work is taken up in responding to crime after it has taken place and the police force do not have the resources to intervene in the circumstances which lead to crimes being committed. The traditional approaches to crime prevention also do little to address the causes of crime. They assume that the high rate of crime is inevitable and that the public must endeavor to defend itself against it.1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMInsecurity which is a feature of the Hobbesian state of nature, when life was said to be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short, and the weak and common man lived at the mercy of the strong. This trend is exactly the case in the country today, if not close. According to Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) In his book entitled Leviathan and published in 1651, he explicitly stated that in the state of nature nothing can be considered just or unjust, and every man must be considered to have a right to all things, even the right to take other peopleÕs lives. Hobbes says that the State of Nature is a hypothetical state of affairs existing prior to the formulation of ‘society’ (which arises with the signing of the hypothetical ‘Social Contract’).In the State of Nature, Hobbes thinks everyone acts selfishly. He calls it a war of all against all.The book looks at the structure of the society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory. Leviathan ranks as a classic western work on statecraft comparable to Machiavelli’s The Prince. Written during the English Civil War (1642-1651), Leviathan argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign. Hobbes wrote that civil war and situations identified with a state of nature and the famous motto Bellum omnium contra omnes (“the war of all against all”) could only be averted by strong central government. Having rightly observed Thomas Hobbes writings, it can be said then that NigeriaÕs central government is porous and weak to tackle her insecurity challenges which have been endemic and endless, that is why there have been a lot of clamor for state police in other to spread the security base of the Nation.Furthermore Thomas Hobbes work, explains why the police and Successive Nigerian Government see Insecurity as a bane to the NationÕs economic and political development and have at different times devised various means to curb its menace. Consequently, these various means have not yielded satisfactory result. The newest security challenge is the boko haram militant Islamist organization, which have taken numerous lives and properties. The battle between the federal government and this group began on 26 July when Boko Haram attacked a police station in retaliation for the arrest of its leaders. Police responded with their own retaliation and a curfew fell on the area. The attacks spread and by the next day corpses were located around the police stations. Nigerian troops then surrounded the home of the leader of the sect, Mohammed Yusuf in Maiduguri on 28 July after his followers barricaded themselves inside. However the worst happened when Mohammed Yusuf was later extra judiciously killed by the Nigerian police and ever since then Nigerians have not known peace.The socio-political implication of this development can only be imagined, given the risks and agonies survivors are currently going through.According to Egburonu (2012:20)We are afraid of Boko Haram. Daddy and Mummy keep awake all night in case the attackers decide to invade our home. They would lock all the doors tightly, pray all Night and ask us to sleep. But we never can, for we donÕt know what will happen next… They said we would soon go home, so we are waitingThat was how Miss Agnes Agwuocha, a 17-Year old student in Kano, described the terror she and the members of her family have been passing through since the terrorist group had given the affected non indigenes a mere three-day ultimatum, and since after the expiration, had followed it up with pockets of attacks and killings in Yobe, Niger, and Borno states. But though these previous Boko Haram attacks in several cities across the north have affected mainly Igbos and other Christians and southerners.To this end, the research work therefore intends to find out answers to the following problems identified as follows:i. What are the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria?ii. Is the Nigerian police force equipped and properly empoweredto provide security to Nigerians?iii. What are the factors that have inhibited the Nigerian police force in performing its statutory functions?iv. Is the Nigerian police force relevant in combating insecurity in Nigeria?v. What are the steps to be made to enhance greater security inNigeria and to make the Nigeria police force more responsive to her duties?1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe objectives of this study are:i. To find out the specific causes and fundamental effects ofInsecurity in Nigeria.ii. To ascertain the extent to which Nigerian Police force isequipped and empowered to provide security to Nigerians.iii. To identify the challenges that has inhibited the Nigerianpolice in performing its statutory functions.iv. To explore the relevance of the Nigerian police force incombating insecurity in Nigeria.v. To seek out solutions to insecurity in Nigeria and correctionsthat can be made to better the Nigerian police force.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYConsidering the crucial role of security in any government, especially a democratically elected government, a study like this has become necessary. The task of eradicating insecurity in Nigeria is never a rosy affair but a Herculean task.Insecurity in Nigeria has become so widespread and has taken so many lives on the daily basis. It then follows that something is wrong with our security affairs and also with the state called Nigeria.Practically, this work will help in re-emphasizing and fostering ways by which the problem of insecurity can be addressed. Even with the regrettably number of lives that have been lost.Academically, the work will be useful to the academic environment. Post graduates and other researchers carrying out research in related area will find the work very useful.Theoretically, the weakness and other lapses that will be identified in this research work will help the politicians and policy makers in the country to restructure our security bodies.1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDYEvery research endeavor has its scope and limitations; our scope of study is the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria, the challenges and the relevance of the Nigerian police force as a panacea.Since it is impossible for a research endeavor to cover the entire research population, the target population now becomes Enugu and Anambra state because of the proximity of these states. These two states was chosen because we believe that we can get those who really know much about the Insecurity challenges in the country and how the Nigeria police force have been able to combat it so far. In this vein, the researcher will be able to gather enough data that will definitely aid the study.Apart from the inability of the researcher to cover all members of the envisaged sample, the researcher faced some limitations in retrieving some of the research instruments administered to respondents especially police respondents because of the nature of their job and their general lack of appreciation of the value of social research. Also the policestations visited were hesitant in giving out some sensitive statistical details and information to back up the research project. All these constituted a constraint to the research endeavor.Notwithstanding the above noted Constraints, the researcher made tremendous effort to make the study a Success.CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY2.1 LITERATURE REVIEWOur literature will be reviewed under the following subheading in order to ensure clarity, consciousness and coherency¥ The concept of security¥ Security challenges and the JonathanÕs administration, 2007-2013¥ The Jonathan administrationÕs response to threats ofinsecurity in Nigeria The concept of securitySecurity is a very important issue in the survival of any Nation. Without adequate security of lives and property, the system will be rife with lawlessness, chaos and eventual disintegration. This is why security is considered as a dynamic condition, which involves the relative ability of a state to counter threats to its core values and interests. The security so concerned with by states, is multifarious. It might be military, economic, ideological or cultural.Accordingly, the security for any state embodies a notion of order, or of the conditions necessary to maintain the smooth functioning and reproduction of an existing society. According to McGrew (1988:101), the security of a nation is predicated on two central pillars. On one hand, it entails the maintenance and protection of the socio-economic order in the face of internal and external threat. On the other, it entails the promotion of a preferred international order, which minimize the threat to core values and interests, as well as to the domestic order.In a similar manner, Nwolise (2006:352) explained that security is an all-encompassing holistic concept which implies that the territory must be secured by a network of armed forces: that the sovereignty of the state must be guaranteed by a democratic and patriotic government, which in turn must be protected by the military, police and the people themselves, the people must not only be secured from external attacks but also from devastating consequences of internal upheavals, unemployment, hunger, starvation, diseases, ignorance, homelessness, environmental degradation, pollution and socio-economic injustices.Furthermore, the primary objective of NigeriaÕs national security is to advance her interest and objectives to contain instability, control crime, eliminate corruption, enhance genuine development progress and growth, and improve the welfare and wellbeing and quality of life of every citizen.The second aspect of the nationÕs national security entails the preservation of the safety of Nigerians at home and abroad and the protection of the sovereignty of the countryÕs integrity and its interests. Also the concept of Internal security duties are generally related to activities which takes place as protest against the actions of government and non-government bodies, religious intolerance, political thuggery and agitations which are likely to overstretch the resources of the police and other law enforcement agencies.Similarly, the enforcement of internal security duties have seen the Army establishing various units like the joint task force in the Niger Delta and deploying troops to flashpoints to douse conflicts in these areas. The crises in these troubled areas no doubt are manifestations of agitations and discontent exhibited by various groups due to government policies of deprivation, marginalization and social injustice – a situation, which has created avenues for Òcrises of legitimacy; the struggle for ascendancy between subÂnational and national loyalties, which, tend to open the floodgates of irredentists and separatist claimsÓ (Omotosho, 2004:18).Security challenges and the Jonathan administration, 2007Â2013In Nigeria, the achievement of desired level of internal security particularly from 2007 -2013 was elusive. The above period witnessed the proliferation of different militia groups that posed serious security threats to the Nigerian government. Thus, such unwholesome behaviors which not only affected economic activities in many parts of Nigeria have also resulted in lost of numerous lives and property of the Nigerian citizens. This pathetic situation is critically examined under four case studies:i. The Niger-Delta Crisis Conflict in the Niger-Delta arose in the early 1990s due to tensions between the foreign oil corporations and some Niger Delta’s minority ethnic groups who felt they were being exploited, particularly the Ogonis and the Ijaws (Osungade, 2008). Thus, ethnic and political unrest continued in the region throughout the 1990s and persisted despite the enthronement of democracy in 1999. However, competition for oil wealth in the region gave rise to agitations, violence and subsequent extra-judicial killing of Ken Saro-Wiwa and nine Ogoni leaders by Abacha’s regime (Ogbodo, 2010:1). This action by Abacha’s administration was condemned not only by many Nigerians, but also the international community. Consequently, the international community expressed her anger by imposing several sanctions on Nigeria during this period. Thus, the inability of the government particularly during the military era to address the root causes of the agitation (environmental problems, poverty, unemployment, lack of basic amenities, etc.), in the Niger Delta region, resulted in proliferation of ethnic groups causing the militarization of nearly the entire region by ethnic militia groups. Consequently, the government established some institutions or agencies to douse the tension in the area. This includes the Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC), Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and Ministry of Niger Delta (MND). In spite of these intervention regimes, the conflicts and insecurity in the Niger Delta region persisted. To arrest the challenges of insecurity in the Niger Delta, the Federal Government of Nigeria applied minimal force in a bid to ensure that these militias drop their arms and end their hostilities against the government and the people of the area. In August 2008, the federal government launched a massive military crackdown on militants (Amaizu, 2008:11). Thus, military patrolled waters, hunted for militants, searched all civilian boats for weapons, and raided numerous hideouts. Also, on May 15, 2009 a military operation undertaken by a Joint Task Force (JTF) was put in place by the federal government against MEND and their affiliates in the Niger Delta region (Onoyume, 2008:5). These actions by the federal government were in response to the activities of the militia groups which adversely affected both the residents of the area and the Nigerian economy (Onuorah, 2009:2). Paradoxically, rather than the measures put in place by the federal government to address the challenges of insecurity in the Niger Delta, the situation led to incessant kidnapping of not only the foreign oil workers, but also the indigenes and residents of the region. Hence, on June, 2009, the Nigerian Government under the leadership of Late President