SECTION ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION                                     

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY

Any technique order to relieve the most significant and vital threats that prohibit people from seeking their values is said to as security. In Nigeria, achieving acceptable levels of protection has been difficult, particularly since the start of 2009 especially in the Northern part of Nigeria (Ezemenaka 2018). The expansion of various paramilitary organizations that posed severe security dangers to the country as a whole occurred in 2009. It has become a threat not just to the administration but also to people in the Northen states. It has not only harmed economic activity in Kaduna state, but it has also led to the loss of many lives, mental traumas, and displaced persons, among other things.

As a phenomenon, kidnapping is defined as the unlawful removal and detention of a person. Kidnapping is defined as "the stripping away or conveyance of a someone against his or her will, mainly for the purpose of holding the individual in false incarceration, or captivity without legal authorization." This could be done for ransom, as part of some other crime, or as part of a child custody issue(Ezemenaka 2018).

According to Zannoni (2013), Abduction for ransom is a diverse and evolving issue, but it is most widespread in nations with high rates of crime and fraud, a weakened judiciary, and/or a history of political or social unrest and conflict.

Nigeria was once placed sixth among the world's top ten kidnap-rated counties, after Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador, Colombia, and the India, but by 2012, she had risen to fourth among the top ten kidnap-for-ransom places (Akhibge & Keleoso, 2013).

Zannoni (2013) According to the report, the objectives and methods used in each kidnapping differ, but there are two types of kidnappings for ransom. These are classified as "criminal kidnappings," with the primary goal of extracting a ransom from the victim's family or company. This category comprises situations in which criminals utilize captives as a cover to enable them flee the scene of a crime, or to get cash or assets, as well as the keys or code words required to gain entry to areas where this is kept.

 Ralph (2008) He describes a sort of kidnapping he calls "tiger kidnapping," which is remarkably similar to the occurrences in Nigeria. It entails kidnapping or keeping a hostage with the intent of forcing a worker or a family member to assist in the rapid theft of property or to pay a ransom to an enterprise or commercial organization. Those in lower level management levels are targeted as captives or participants in this form of abduction, not usually the CEOs. The another form of kidnapping, according to Zannoni (2013) is "political kidnapping," in which the primary goal is to advance the political goals of a specific political group or campaign. In this situation, a hostage is frequently sought in order to raise funds for the firm's activities. Regardless of the manner of abduction, the financial and psychological consequences can be terrible for both the sufferers and their loved ones.

Kidnappings in Marabarido have a long history dating back to hostilities, disputes, and brutality in the Northern Region. Kidnappings are mostly aimed at notable politicians, indigenous inhabitants, and people in Kaduna and other nearby states. Abduction became widespread in Nigeria immediately after the 2007 national elections. This is partly owing to the fact that after the election, adolescents who had been utilized as political thugs got restless and turned to a variety of sources of income, one of which was abduction(Ezemenaka 2018).

The fact that kidnappers were handed weaponry by lawmakers for the aim of manipulating polls is confirmed by statements made by imprisoned kidnappers. As a result, abduction became a successful business because it was a cheap and simple way to make money. Nwogu (2008) statesThis was the start of abduction in the region, and criminals would frequently target the society's upper crust. Several notable males and females in and around Kaduna state were abducted between 2007 and 2008, with large ransoms sought before their release. When these criminals were finished with the upper crust, they moved on to the working class.

This threat, however, did not end there. The problem reached a pinnacle in 2010, when robbers moved their focus from adults to students. Ajani (2010) People have even been kidnapped while on their way to churches or village meetings, according to the author.

Umeagbasi (2010) From January 2007 and May 2010, an estimated six million people were abducted, according to the report. Abduction, he claims, is more complex and customized than assault and robbery since it involves webs of money from corporate moguls and dangerous lawmakers who fund these acts for motives only they know about. He claims that the criminals make full use of their powerful brain-controlling techniques, differentiating ourselves as Okada operators, telephone boot operators, and street vendors.

Abduction among Nigerian youths has been linked to a number of variables. Social and moral decay, peer pressure, drug misuse culture, mainstream media, ethnic nationalism, ethnic militias, godfatherism and elites, economics, demography, and parental involvement are only a few of them. Bride abduction, express kidnapping, tiger kidnapping, and other types of abduction were recognized in the existing literature.

Nevertheless, the latter tiger kidnapping is of particular value in the history of this project. Holding a person prisoner to force a lover or close acquaintance of the kidnapped individual to accomplish something that the kidnapper wants has been termed as tiger kidnapping. The tiger and its prey are the inspiration for this name.

      Kidnapping is a worldwide issue with no practical remedy. As a result, it has piqued the interest of academics from several sectors. Social psychologists, designed to treat, general practitioners, counselors, psychologists, and economic experts have started to examine not only the reasons and repercussions of kidnapping, but also other related concepts. As a result, it is critical in the field of psychology to identify the relevant psychological and mental implications of abduction among victims and sometimes even loved ones(Ezemenaka 2018).

 Kidnapping is one of the most harmful crimes in terms of mental health. The mental injuries suffered on victims generally take several years to heal, and some never fully recover. Kidnappings burden survivors with severe psychological and emotional scars, forcing them to deal with issues like trust, autonomy, love, sex, dignity, and a slew of others.

According to cognitive distortions for why individuals kidnap others, it is common for individuals to kidnap in order to keep the target as a sexual slave. Kidnappers may brutalize their victims in severe situations when they no more possess any use for them. These types of events are extremely upsetting, and they frequently have a long-term influence on society's mentality. Kidnappers may also demand a ransom in exchange for their kidnapping(Ezemenaka 2018).

   Ransom kidnappings, unlike sexual abductions, require the abductors to keep their captives safe. Unfortunately, even in mortgage refinancings, the kidnapper may not intend to return their victim. The focus of this study is mainly on ransom kidnappings. The mentality of abduction is frequently linked to a desire for dominance over a person. Because sexual kidnappings can include rape, violence, and murder, the kidnapper is usually not just looking for a quick buck(Ezemenaka 2018).

The mental side of sexual kidnapping appeals to sexual kidnapper since they have full control over their victims. The attitude of an abductor is that once they have yet another person to be in their control, that individual must rely on them for anything, even food and drink, and it is this authority that motivates many kidnapper to perform these heinous deeds.

Ransom kidnappers may share many of the same motivations as kidnappers for money, although they are usually more concerned about the financial benefits of their crimes. Irrespective of purpose, a person committing abduction is likely to have abnormal thinking, which can be caused by a mental illness, a personality disorder, or a mixture of the two(Osumah & Aghedo 2011).

The most tragic aspect of abductions, though, is the impact they have on their victims. Individuals who have been kidnapped and held against their will typically struggle with difficulties of confidence for the rest of its life, as being robbed of their liberties and held against their own will can destroy trust in people as a whole. Many victims may develop a mistrust of relatives, thinking that their loved ones failed to do everything to help them recover or prevent them from being kidnapped during first place(Osumah & Aghedo 2011).

This can set off a vicious cycle of distorted thinking in sufferers' life, causing problems in current relationships.

In addition, abducted people may experience psychiatric disorders in other areas of their lives. One of the most commonly reported emotional impacts of abduction is difficulty resting, since victims are terrified to drift off to sleep and let their guard down, lest they be kidnapped again(Osumah & Aghedo 2011).

 In cases of abductions involving sexual abuse, sexual abnormalities are also likely. Victims may struggle to trust their relationships or to admit to being weak. Kidnap victims may require years of counseling to recover from the sexual trauma of captivity and form healthy romantic relations.

The current study is motivated by the fact that news reporting and general information supplied to the public often present a distorted picture of the reality of abductions and their consequences. Regrettably, the news media focuses on only a few chosen incidents, causing the public to assume that abductions are rare and exclusively occur among some of the wealthy

 The reality is that abductions happen in all areas and at all degrees, and each case requires equal attention. So because public mainly hears about wealthy or middle-class abduction, they may forget that children and young people are abducted on a regular basis in impoverished communities and low-income locations such as marabarido(Osumah & Aghedo 2011).

Doctors frequently advocate cognitive behavioral treatment to help people recover from the psychological trauma of someone being kidnapped. CBT entails allowing the victim to modify their mindset by substituting positive for disadvantages until they have reached that point where their belief systems are no longer the same(Ezemenaka 2018).

To combat kidnapping and abduction efforts, parents and families as a whole must be more attentive about where their kids and sensitive loved ones are, as well as try to educate them about how to avoid risky circumstances(Osumah & Aghedo 2011). This is even more vital in the internet age, as criminals utilize throughout the day to obtain access to youngsters and potential victims. Furthermore, the mainstream media should take a more active role in covering abduction cases, providing equal time to low- and high instances. We can only start to eliminate the threats that our youngsters and beloved ones confront if we all realize the dangers that exist in all neighborhoods. Therefore the study centers on effect of kidnapping on victims of kidnap in marabarido of chikun local government area.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Despite the fact that abduction and hostage-taking have a long history, it is only lately that a thorough endeavor has been made to comprehend the long- and short-term repercussions on kidnap victim and their family members.

The use of mental health specialists' counsel in the strategy formulation of abductions and the diagnostic procedures of persons who have been kidnapped is becoming more common. There is information that determining the best way to assist those who have been kidnapped is a delicate and difficult topic, and those who deal with such people should be as well prepared as possible, because such incidents can have long-term negative implications, especially for small children.

The psychology of kidnapping is frequently linked to a desire for dominance over a person. Since sexual abductions can include rape, violence, and homicide, the abductor is usually not just looking for a quick buck. The mental side of sexual kidnapping appeals to sexual abductor since they have complete control over their victims.

Over the years Marbarido has experienced series of kidnap which has left it victims either dead or mentally unstable. The severe effect of kidnapping is either psychological which could lead to depression or physical assaults on the victims which could lead to internal and external injuries. The government little or no effort in curbing the problem in this Area in terms of rehabilitating and preventing this criminal activities in the area, it is on this the study is centered on effect of kidnapping on victims of kidnap

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the study is effect of kidnapping on victims of kidnap. Other specific objective includes:

1 To asses the level and prevalence of kidnapping in Nigeria

2 To examine the psychological effect of kidnapping on the victims of kidnap in Marabarido

3 To examine the relationship between kidnapping and the behavior of the victims of kidnap

4 To outline the major causes of kidnapping in Marabarido Area of southern Kaduna

5 To recommend ways of eradicating the crime of kidnapping in Kaduna state.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions shall guide this study and in the course of this research, we shall attempt to find answers to the following questions:

1 What is the level and prevalence of kidnapping in Nigeria?

2 what is the psychological effect of kidnapping on the victims of kidnap in Marabarido?

3 what is the relationship between kidnapping and the behavior of the victims of kidnap?

4 What are the major causes of kidnapping in Marabarido Area of southern Kaduna?

5 what are the ways the government can help eradicate the crime of kidnapping in Kaduna state?

1.5     HYPOTHESES

In line with the statement of research problems and the objectives of this study, the following hypotheses will be tested:

HO: There is no significant effect of kidnapping on the victims of kidnap in Marabarido

HYPOTHESIS 2

HO: There is no significant relationship between kidnapping and the behavior of the victims of kidnap in Marabarido

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study would enable the researcher to pass their experience on the subject matter to government ministries, schools, students to serve as a medium for further research.

Government ministries: the study will significant to government ministries because it will help to show the roles the government is expected to play in providing necessary atmosphere and policy framework for the prevention and curbing of the criminal activities it would also recommend was to the government in which it can help create public awareness of kidnapping

Schools and students: this study will be significant to both lecturers and students this because the research will depict an important way for students (students and lecturers). It will also stand as a medium for other research in schools and colleges.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY   

The study would cover the effect of kidnapping on victims of kidnap. The study was carried in Marbarido .The geographical area is in chikun local government in southern Kaduna. Chikun is a Local Government Area in central Kaduna State, Nigeria. It has an area of 4,466 km2, and had a population of 372,272 as at the 2006 census. Its headquarters is in the town of Kujama. The postal code of the area is 2438000. Chikun Local Government Area shares boundaries with Kachia Local Government Area to the south, Kajuru Local Government Area to the east, Kaduna South Local Government Area to the northeast, Igabi Local Government Area to the northeast, Birnin Gwari Local Government Area to the northwest and Niger State to west, respectively

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

VICTIMS: a person who has been attacked, injured, robbed, or killed by someone else

KIDNAPPER: someone who takes a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange for releasing them

Kidnapping: In criminal law, kidnapping is the unlawful confinement of a person against their will, often including transportation/asportation