CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

This section presents a review of works of different authors around the world on various areas of interest for the study based on and guided by the stated objectives to be investigated by the current study. However, the chapter also presents a summary of literature review. This subdivided into the following conceptual framework, theoretical framework, theoretical studies and empirical studies

Low self-esteem can hinder the performance of the learners both academically and socially. This is why Nwokolo & Oguzie (2021) carried out a research titled "Counselling Strategies for Handling Low Self Esteem among Secondary School Students in Anambra State". Three research questions guided the research. It was a descriptive survey. The population of the research comprised two hundred and fifty-seven (257) participants from all the six education zones of the state. The sample was the same as the population since the researchers felt it was workable. The method of collecting data was through a structured questionnaire named Counselling Strategies for Handling Low Self-Esteem Questionnaire (CSHLSEQ). The instrument was well scrutinized and validated by experts from the Guidance and Counseling Department and Measurement and Evaluation Department. The findings of the research indicated that sibling abuse, peer relationship, parenting style, academic incompetence, parents' socioeconomic status, physical impairment, comparison with others, and parent and teacher favoritism are some of the causes of low self-esteem among secondary school students in Anambra State.. However, the findings show that gender, societal rejection, and parental expectations are not the variables responsible for low self-esteem among secondary school students. Also, the findings of the study showed that some of the consequences of low self-esteem are poor academic performance, social isolation, feeling unworthy, drug addiction, health problems like headaches and fatigue, joining cult organizations, having suicidal thoughts, dropping out of school, exhibiting aggression, shyness, and social maladjustment. Finally, the findings from the research showed that some of the counseling strategies used in managing low self-esteem among secondary school students in Anambra State are cognitive restructuring, self-management skills, assertiveness training skills, social skills training, sensitivity training, bibliotherapy, mindfulness meditation, exposure treatment, modeling skills, relaxation treatment, and enrolling students with low self-esteem into social groups. Among other recommendations, it is advised that guidance counselors should ensure that they are committed and impartial when

Summary Of Literature Review

The summary of literature research gaps and identify the following: Conceptual framework, theoretical studies  and the empirical studies.

Conceptual framework: This review discussed about self-esteem, low self-esteem  counseling

Theoretical framework: This explains theories related to the study. These theories are listed and discussed in this chapter they are: Abraham Maslow Theory

Theoretical studies: The theoretical studies  discussed the Causes , Consequences  And Counseling Strategies For Reducing Low Self-Esteem Among Secondary School Students. In this section, various researches conducted by renowned authors were critically reviewed.

Empirical studies: The empirical studies reviewed the studies relating to the present studies, However are still missing links and some unanswered questions in  the minds of people. Based on this the present study determines  the causes , consequences  and counseling strategies for reducing low self- esteem among secondary school students in Agwu Education zone.