CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1          Background of Study

Waste can be defined as materials of solid that the owner has no/value to retain (Gipin 1976).New York state explain solid waste as any deserted waste-like materials. We have several type of waste; Municipal Waste (including household and commercial waste), industrial waste (including manufacturing), hazardous waste, construction and demolition waste, mining waste, waste from electronic parts, biodegradable municipal waste, packaging waste, and agricultural waste. Waste can be said to be solid, liquid, and semi-solid or conlenerized gaseous material also. We have different means of acquiring waste; Residential, industrial, Commercial institutional, Construction waste. Waste is an inevitable repercussion of the need for survival, since we all need food; drink etc. to survive this therefore generates wastes. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is defined as refuse from household, harmless solid waste from industrial, commercial and institutional foundations, market waste, yard waste, and street sweepings. MSW is defined by Contreau (1982) as  sewage emissions generated within and thrown off by a municipality, including household refuse, commercial waste, construction and demolition remains, dead animals, and cast aside vehicles, municipal solid waste is comprised of paper, vegetable matter, plastics, metals, textiles, rubber, and glass (USEPA, 2002). Solid wastes are man’s non-liquids and non-gaseous unwanted material (Leton, 2007). Solid waste (sometimes called refuse or garbage) can be said to be waste not transported by water that has been relegated for further use (Mbido, 2013). Solid waste is comprised of refuse from household, non-hazardous solid waste from industrial, commercial and institutional establishment, market waste, yard waste (Ogwueleka, 2009). The composition of solid waste varies magnanimously from country to country and changes significantly with time.

In developing countries like Nigeria, solid waste comprise of materials such as perishables, papers, metals, textiles, glass, plastics, dust and dries etc, (Leton, 2007, Akatah et al, 2011).

1.2          Statement of Problem

There has been a remarkable increase in the volume of wastes produced daily in the country. This is due to a number of reasons including the increasing population growth rate, increasing urbanization, industrialization and economic growth. Careless solid waste disposal is actually a menace and embarrassment to Bori metropolis, where heaps of refuse litter most part of the city. some percentage of solid waste generated in Bori city are either deposited by the road side, unapproved dump sites, in water ways (drainage system), or in open sides, in ways which adversely affects environmental friendliness. In fact, solid waste poses various threats to public health and adversely affects flora and fauna as well as the environment especially when it is not appropriately collected and disposed (Geraldu, 201, 1995). The poor state of solid waste management in Bori city is caused by inadequate facilities, poor funding and poor implementation of policies as well as wrong lifestyles (consumption pattern) ethically, the beauty of any environment lies on its good sanitary condition. Solid waste has been used in advanced countries as source of fuel (energy). Also proper characterizations of solid waste can enhance effective and responsible treatment and disposal. Hence, the study will aid the characterization of solid waste using SowacLink software.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study

The aim of the study is to characterized Bori solid waste using SowacLink software. The specific objectives are;

1. Determine the per capital and quantity of the waste generation in Bori residential area.
2. Determine the moisture content of the solid waste generated in Bori.

3   Determine the bio degradable component and energy content of Bori solid waste.

4                   Determine the organic content of Bori solid waste

1.4      Scope of Study

The scope of this study will include;

1              Recognized visit to Bori metropolis

2              Produce the map of the study area and divide the area into zones

3              Collect and short the Bori solid waste into various compositions/types

4              Characterize the solid waste using the SOWACLINIK software.

1.5       Justification of Study

The waste in Bori metropolis spoils the aesthetics of Bori.  The major reasons for this are due to the poor waste management,     the characterization and quantification of waste in Bori metropolis would bring together data on the generation rate and the composition of waste in Bori and this will help Bori to operate an efficient waste management system. Waste generation increases with population expansion and economic development. Improperly managed solid waste poses a risk to human health and the environment. Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes varieties of problems including contaminating water, attracting insect and rodent and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals and gully.