ABSTRACT

The concept “source documents” is a familiar term with those involved in keeping accounting records or watch dogs of limited liability and public liability companies and organizations from time to item, most often on annual basis, the independent Auditors call to review the accounting records kept by their clients.  This they do by studying and evaluating the internal control systems in the company.  This approach makes it possible for lapses, discrepancies, deficiencies and bottlenecks to be discovered if any do exist. However, most people do not really understand the role of the auditors in public practice.  To the layman, it’s a matter of detecting for fraud, which is more or less a secondary object f audit. This research has set out to review the role of the auditor in public practice, the statutory and regulatory frame work under which they operate and  the procedures adopted in the course of their duties, to meet the standard required to them.  This task has been carried out with a special reference to Orji Chukwu and co-chartered Accountants a relatively small firm of chartered accountants located at 57 chime Avenue new haven, Enugu. Chapter one of this work, takes a critical look at the background information relating to the concept of auditing and investigation procedures in auditing, while chapter two gives a detail tool of the concept of auditing and all other related issues under literature reviews. Chapter three, research methodologies, reviews the procedures used in carrying out the research, while chapter four gives details of data obtained during the research with brief comments on the facts that could be deduced there from. Chapter five looks at the inferences drawing from the analysis of data obtained, while the 0last chapter summarizes the results of research, finding in more general items.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

Chapter one: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.      Introduction

2.      The firm

3.      Statement of the problems

4.      Source document and investigation related to capital, reserves, directors and statutory work

5.      Source document and investigations related to debenture, taxation, creditors and accrued charges.

6.      Source document and investigations related to Hp creditors and short term loans

7.      Source documents and investigations related to fixed asset

8.      Source document and investigation related to current asset

9.      Source document and investigation related to group and associate companies

1.      Source document and investigation related to profit and loss or income expenditure

2.      Scope and limitations

3.      Definition of terms

Chapter two: LITERATURE REVIEW

10.  Relationship between auditing and source document

11.  Legal framework of auditing

12.  Regulatory framework of auditing

Chapter three: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

13.  Sources of data

14.  Determination of sample size

15.  Description of the instrument of data collection

16.  Method of data analysis

Chapter four: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

17.  Responses to questionnaires

Chapter five: FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONADN CONCLUSION

18.  Findings

19.  Recommendations

20.  ConclusionsBibliography Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND INFORMAITON

1.1     INTRODUCTION

          RELEVANCE OF INVESTIGATION

Every business entity, be it profitable or non profitable, have goals and objectives for which they were established example, most liability companies are established for profit optimization and charitable or non-profit organizations, example, government parastatates reestablished to subsidize costs to the governed.

          However, its pertinent to note here that whether upon profitable or non profitable basis, its relevant that accounting records must be maintained Accounting is broadly defined as a process of recording analyzing and interpreting at business transactions in such a systematic and concise manners as to give full and detailed explanation to related parties who are interested in the financial statement.  In every business organizations, it’s the duty of the chief accountant to keep records of all business transactions of the organization.  However if thus records must be kept, it must follow norms principles, conventions and standards et out by various professional accounting bodies.  In Nigeria, the Nigeria accounting standard board (NASB) is in charge of this duty.

          Subject to the foregoing, section 357 of the company and allied matters decree,. Makes it mandatory for every limited liability company to appoint an Auditor to examine its accounts.

          This now brings us to the question, who is an auditor? With reference to Walter N. Bigg, he sees an auditor as a person appointed by the directors (Shareholder authorize the directors to appoint) of a company to examine its books of account and stake whether it gives a true and fair view of the financial position of the entity and also see that there is compliance with statute and that accounting standard are strictly adhered to.  In the light of the above, the auditor should be a professional and used in the accounting field, with high integrity profile and must be a member of a recognized professional body and must be licensed to practice.  In Nigeria today, the institute of chartered accountants Nigeria takes care of this.  If the auditor as a professional is a ware of the fact that his work is relied upon by related third parties, he owes it a duty to the reasonable care and skill in the discharge of his duty so as not to expose  himself to liabilities associated with negligence out of misfeasance proceedings.

In the light of the above, for the auditor to accept assurances or to give in opinion, he must certify himself beyond all reasonable doubt that the presentation made to hi gives a true and fair view of the financial position of the entity as at the date of his audit.

In these regards, he has access to all the company books and has unreserved rights as to question any maladministration, and gather all such information that would assist him in his work.  However, for the auditor to formally accept assurances, has basis of acceptance must be dependent on the availability of reliable source of documents and explanations produced by the entity in question. At diverse levels of investigation Associate source documents checks and test are applied and evidences shown must be very authentic and satisfying. For example where bank balances are investigated, for the auditor to accept the stated figures, the certifying evidences should be, bank statements, check stamps, cash books, authorization vouchers, etc and all such reconciliation that would enable him accept the presented bank balances as shown on the account.  It is pertinent to note that the presentation and figures without satisfactory evidence, or source document is like a student graduating without a certificate and thus bring us to one of the objectives of this text.

The investigation process involves making independent confirmation, example circulation of debtors, creditors and other related third parties to the entity in question.  Generally the process  of audit investigation is limited by so many factors which includes: cost consideration, time factors, unavailability of data.  Distance and prevailing socio-economic and political climate, in as much as thus factors are political climate, in as much as thus factors are highlighted an noted, the auditor must not fail to certify himself beyond all reasonably doubts.  This should be done by disclosing all lapses and discrepancies and must not fail to give qualifications when need be.  In all circumstances, he, the audit should try to avoid damages  associated with negligence as number of cases related to auditors liability has been recorded some of the case includes:  CAPRO industries Vickman (1989) see SCDH.  Group VMC farlance (1972) see JEP Fasteners Vmarts Bloom and Co (1981) also see security pacific business credit V peat MARWICK MAL & CO (1992).

THE FIRM

This study is designed to examine the activities, responsibilities and legal framework under which the auditor in public practive operates. This is with the appraisal of a relatively small firm of charterd accountants in Nigeria today, Orji Chukwu and co.  with Head Office at 57 Chime Avenue New haven Enugu and other offices in Enugu state and Lagos.

          Orji chukwu and Co is a relatively small firm of chartered accountants, founded in Nigeira in the year 1987 as a partnership between Orji Orji Chukwu L and Onyemelukwe C.  The firm today has offices in about three states of the federation and efforts are made to erect more offices in other stated.  In its early years, its main objectives, was centered on Financial management consultancy and audit and investigations, but today it has grown broth in size and scope it services rendered.  It is interesting to now that the following range of services are now available at Orji Chukwu and co-chartered accountants.

1.      Tax consultancy

2.      Information technique Enlargement

3.      Business advisory services.

STAFFING

In each state, the firm is headed by

1.      Resident partner (a qualified accountant) and two assistants also qualified person

2.      4 senior audit staffs

3.      3 junior audit staff

4.      Corpers

5.      Industry trainees

6.      Office assistants.

In the whole, the firm has about 32 staffs and efforts are onto recruit more employees to enable the firm meet with increasingly clientship.

  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As has been mentioned earlier, there is a legal dimension to the auditors job.  The duties of the auditors are outlines in section 360 (I) of the company and Allied Decree 1990).  Any contravention of the requirement of this section of the decree attracts a penalty.  Again the report of the auditor as an important document, not only, to the shareholders of a company, but also to related third parties.  Cases have been recorded, where auditors have been convicted by courts of law for negligence resulting from misfeasance proceedings.  Consequently, it is very important that an auditor should exercise due professional care in the discharge of his duties to minimize his exposure.

The problems now faced by the auditors in public practice, is how they can attain this standard required of them, and also the needs of other parties who may be interested in the financial statements they are auditing. This study aims at striking out the various source documents. Tests, and checks to be applied during the investigation on process.  So as to guarantee the completeness of the audit investigation  and the financial report three-on.